In medicine, squamous cell carcinoma is a form of cancer of the carcinoma type that may occur in many different organs, including the skin, mouth, esophagus, prostate, lungs, and cervix. It is a malignant tumor of epithelium that shows squamous cell differentiation.

AgNOR

• AgNOR numbers were related to the growth rate of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Thus the AgNOR count could be used as a useful marker for investigating the cellular proliferative activity. PMID: 1481176

Alkaline Phosphatase

• Heat-stable AP was found to be a useful tumor marker of potential usefulness in the management of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. PMID: 7865236

Alpha B-crystallin

• a new independent marker for poor prognosis in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck SCCHN). PMID: 15995513

ATP7B (Copper-transporting P-type adenosine triphosphate)

• a chemoresistance marker in human oral squamous cell carcinoma treated with cisplatin. PMID: 12509969

Bax

• may be a good marker for chemoradio-sensitivity in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). PMID: 11254884

beta- and gamma-Catenin

• an independent prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 16288849

Catenin

• Aberrant expression of beta- and gamma-catenin is an independent prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 16288849

CD44

• the salivary solCD44 ELISA seems to effectively detect head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) at all stages. PMID: 15767360

CD80

• decreased expression of CD80 may serve as a marker for increased tumorigenicity during early development of oral SCC. PMID: 10399955

Cyclin D1

• a valuable prognostic marker in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 15709184
• a prognostic marker for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. PMID: 11352854
• a prognostic marker in human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 9459151
• a predictive marker for occult cervical lymph node metastasis in TNM Stage I and II squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. PMID: 16265665
• a valuable prognostic marker in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 15709184
• a useful prognostic marker related to lymph node metastasis and RB protein expression in human oesophageal SCC, in addition to clinicopathological factors. PMID: 9459151

CYFRA 21-1

• a useful marker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 9128978
• a useful tumor marker for squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. PMID: 7530966, PMID: 10445084
• a sensitive tumour marker for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially squamous cell lung cancer. PMID: 7521651, PMID: 11277326
• an interesting tumor marker that could be proposed for the early detection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with a cutoff value of 1 ng/mL. Furthermore, Cyfra 21-1 can be considered an independent prognostic marker. PMID: 16285267
• a useful serum marker for patients with NSCLC, especially for disease monitoring of patients with squamous cell carcinoma during and after chemotherapy. PMID: 7510117
• a sensitive tumour marker for NSCLC, especially squamous cell lung cancer. PMID: 7521651
• an independent prognostic marker of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. PMID: 7677981
• a newly developed tumour marker which is useful in evaluating large cell lung carcinoma, especially the squamous cell type. PMID: 9563673

Cytokeratin 14

• a marker of squamous differentiation in transitional cell carcinomas. PMID: 9516889

Cytokeratin-17

• a potential marker for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. PMID: 15535145

DPD

• dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) may be a useful tool in evaluating clinical outcomes. PMID: 17101591

E-cadherin

• a marker for differentiation and invasiveness of squamous cell carcinoma of the pharynx and larynx. PMID: 7834876

Ep-CAM

• expressed in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker. PMID: 16796747
• can be used as a tumor marker for the diagnosis of single tumor cells in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). PMID: 10472336

erbB oncogenes

• as prognostic markers in oral squamous cell carcinomas. PMID: 8988677

Ferritin

• a tumor marker in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. PMID: 3942962

G6K12

• specific for membrane-associated differentiation marker of human stratified squamous epithelia and squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 7686225

Gamma-Enolase

• serum gamma-enolase could be a useful tumor marker to stage disease and monitor treatment in patients with renal cell carcinoma. PMID: 2648028

Glut1 (glucose transporter 1)

• in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas as a marker for poor prognosis. PMID: 16045581

Glutathione

• a surrogate marker of cancer tissue glutathione S-transferase activity in non-small cell lung cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. PMID: 12706373

hCG-beta

• a prognostic marker for squamous-cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. PMID: 10502732

HGF (Hepatocyte growth factor)

• serum HGF may be a useful biomarker of tumor progression and a valuable independent prognostic factor in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). PMID: 16144920
• serum HGF is significantly corrected with tumor progression and may be a strong predictor of recurrence in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). PMID: 17306605
• may be a useful biomarker of tumor progression and a valuable independent prognostic factor in patients with ESCC. HGF may be involved in the progression of ESCC as an autocrine/paracrine factor via enhancing angiogenesis and tumor cell invasion and migration. PMID: 16144920

hnRNP B1 (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein B1)

• a new and useful marker for early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). PMID: 10665654  

ICTP

• serum ICTP concentrations might be a novel prognostic tumor marker for assessing the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).

Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-Ir)

• a marker for prognosis and a therapeutic target in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 17183068

Jab1 (Jun activation domain-binding protein 1)

• may be a useful prognostic factor in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients treated by UFT in combination with radiation. PMID: 16619581

Ki-S1

• directly measures cellular topoisomerase II alpha expression, it might be exploited not only as a prognostic indicator but also as a predictive marker for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx (SCCH). PMID: 14666704

Ki-S11

• a prognostic indicator for squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx. PMID: 10628801

L1

• epithelial L1 antigen as an immunohistochemical marker of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. PMID: 2737620

M-CSF ((macrophage colony-stimulating factor)

• Macrophage colony-stimulating factor as a tumor marker for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. PMID: 15001836
• Combined use of serum M-CSF and SCC as a marker seemed to be useful in the selective diagnosis of mature cystic teratoma of the ovary harboring malignant squamous carcinoma, discriminating it from that without malignant carcinoma. PMID: 10831350

MDM2 (murine double minute 2)

• a favorable prognostic marker in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma without p53 protein accumulation. PMID: 12052755
• may be not only a prognostic marker for patients with ESCC, but also a novel marker for predicting a lack of response to chemoradiotreatment. PMID: 12393983

MEMD/ALCAM

• may serve as a potential marker for early diagnosis, tumor invasion and nodal metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs). PMID: 16024937

Metallopanstimulin (MPS)

• a safe, effective, and reproducible assay that may be used to screen for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in high-risk populations. PMID: 15467619

Midkine

• a prognostic marker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 12841873

MMP-8

• Some MMPs are elevated in the serum of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and especially MMP-8 showed interesting tumor marker potential. PMID: 12174907

MMP-9

• Serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a prognostic marker. PMID: 15818624, PMID: 15131051

Metallopanstimulin (MPS-1)

• MPS-1 and MPS-1-like proteins are elevated in patients with HNSCC, and that MPS-H appears to be a promising marker of presence of disease and response to treatment in HNSCC patients. PMID: 15598348

NBS1

• Increased NBS1 expression is a significant prognostic marker of advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and the underlying mechanism may involve the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. PMID: 16428493

Osteopontin (OPN)

• a prognostic plasma marker for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. PMID: 12538452

P16

• prognosis of patients with early uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) may be predicted by evaluating the P16-immunostaining pattern in the front interface of the infiltrating tumor. PMID: 17119346

p21

• Expression of p21 is an independent prognostic factor in curatively resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Definition of new subgroups of patients based on p21 expression may help to enhance the stratification of stage. PMID: 10458687

p21WAF1/CIP1

• a marker of poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 15817070
• a prognostic marker in curatively resected esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 10458687

p53

• p53 accumulation is an early event in lung carcinogenesis and potentially could be useful in the identification of smokers who are at risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), but not in the estimation of survival of the disease. PMID: 12527620
• In squamous cell carcinoma, overexpression of p53 is a late event in carcinogenesis. PMID: 10389975

p63

• a useful marker for cutaneous spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 16776716

PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1)

• a potential marker for the malignancy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 14977839

Peroxiredoxin VI

• a novel serum marker in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 17085654

Psoriasin (S100A7)

• a putative urinary marker for the follow-up of patients with bladder squamous cell carcinomas. PMID: 10197442

PTCH

• might serve as a new parameter for the prediction of prognosis in esophageal SCC. PMID: 16475698

PTEN

• Loss of PTEN expression is a prognostic marker for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. PMID: 11735811

PTTG (pituitary tumor-transforming gene)

• Elevated PTTG transcript levels might be used as a prognostic biomarker for future clinical outcome (i.e. recurrence) in primary squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, especially in early stages of tumor development. PMID: 17029632

S100A2

• a predictive marker for late cervical metastasis in stage I and II invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. PMID: 16273244

S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2)

• a strong prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients treated by UFT in combination with radiation. PMID: 16080478

sIL-2R (soluble interleukin-2 receptor)

• a marker for squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. PMID: 9329564

SCC Ag (Squamous cell carcinoma antigen)

• a recently developed tumour marker, has shown some promise, particularly in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the uterine cervix. PMID: 1620906
• as a new marker for lung cancer. PMID: 2311066
• SCC shows a high specificity and a high sensitivity for squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix uteri. PMID: 2777050
• clinically useful in squamous cell carcinoma but poor in adenocarcinoma. PMID: 2002979a tumour marker for squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 2584067CEA is a good general marker for carcinoma, particularly adenocarcinoma. In contrast, squamous cell carcinoma antigen is more specific for squamous carcinoma. PMID: 8063936

Skp2 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 2)

• a useful prognostic factor in oral SCC patients treated by UFT in combination with radiation. PMID: 16080478

S-MK

• Preoperative serum midkine concentration is a prognostic marker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 12841873

SPR1

• human squamous cell differentiation marker. PMID: 7592861

Survivin

• an accurate prognostic marker for squamous cell carcinoma in esophageal cancer but not adenocarcinoma. PMID: 16671090
• a negative prognostic marker in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and is associated with p53 accumulation. PMID: 15279637
• the difference between cytoplasmic and nuclear survivin is an indicator for survivin activity in tumour cells. Thus, this difference may serve as a predictive marker of outcome in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients undergoing multi-modality therapy. PMID: 17334981

Syndecan-1

• could be a useful prognostic factor in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx. PMID: 9105473

TA-4 (tumor-antigen 4)

• highly related to SCC not only of the uterine cervix but also of other organs and that serum level determinations are useful for monitoring therapeutic effects and recurrence of these diseases, despite some limitations. PMID: 2840187
• a tumor antigen of cervical squamous cell carcinoma, which has currently been widely used in clinical practice. PMID: 3544141

TAOS1

• a novel marker for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 16827140

VCP

• valosin-containing protein (VCP) as a prognostic marker for gingival squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 15319251

VEGF (Vascular endothelial growth factor)

• a marker of tumor invasion and metastasis in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. PMID: 10213212

Other Markers

• Elevated pituitary tumor-transforming gene (PTTG) transcript levels might be used as a prognostic biomarker for future clinical outcome (i.e. recurrence) in primary squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, especially in early stages of tumor development. PMID: 17029632
• HLA class I antigen down-regulation in primary laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma lesions as a poor prognostic marker. PMID: 16982773
• RhoC GTPase expression as a potential marker of lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. PMID: 16899593
• PTCH gene expression as a potential marker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 16475698
• Cyfra 21-1, a tumor marker, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 16285267
• Cyclin D1 gene numerical aberration is a predictive marker for occult cervical lymph node metastasis in TNM Stage I and II squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. PMID: 16265665
• tumor budding may be a pathological marker suggesting high malignancy potential and decreased postoperative survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PMID: 15569373
• p63 and TTF-1 immunostaining. A useful marker panel for distinguishing small cell carcinoma of lung from poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma of lung. PMID: 12760288
• Clinical significance of combined use of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and squamous cell carcinoma antigen as a selective diagnostic marker for squamous cell carcinoma arising in mature cystic teratoma of the ovary. PMID: 10831350
• Heat-stable AP was found to be a useful tumor marker of potential usefulness in the management of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. PMID: 7865236
• AgNOR numbers were related to the growth rate of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Thus the AgNOR count could be used as a useful marker for investigating the cellular proliferative activity. PMID: 1481176
• DNA ploidy status may be a useful marker for metastatic behavior in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and may therefore be helpful in decision-making concerning elective treatment of the neck. PMID: 12450177
• DNA content appeared, therefore, as a significant prognostic marker for the evaluation of OCPSCC in patients receiving radiation therapy. PMID: 10691142